Preserve Your Originals

Never take your only copy of a document with you on a research trip. You may use it. Never put the original copy of a document out for permanent display. Sunlight will permanently fade it. Use copies. Save yourself the pain of losing or destroying the only copy of something you have.

Places of Birth at the Time of the Record

Remember that birthplaces in census and other records may have been written down as they were at the time the record was created, not the time the birth took place. At different times, my ancestor indicated she was born in Prussia, Hanover, or Germany. This was because of who was "ruling" the village where she was born at the time of the census or other record. It may just seem like great-great-grandma was confused when she really was not.

Nuncupative Will

A nuncupative will is a will that is orally dictated by the testator. These are typically deathbed type wills. This will is to be written down as soon as possible by the witnesses and presented to the court within the time allowed for probate. Not all jurisdictions have honored these as valid.

Search Collateral Lines for Pensions

Miltary pensions, especially if the widow survived and claimed her pension, may provide information about more than just the veteran and his widow. Relatives might have had to testify to the marriage of the veteran and his wife, their residences, their children and other information in an attempt to document the pension. These documents are more detailed if the widow cannot find her marriage certificate or the courthouse burned. Relatives who were present at the marriage or who knew of the couple's marriage might have testified. Wonderful records these are.

My ancestor's Civil War pension provided information about the wife's family, including her siblings. She also indicated who was at her 1867 wedding and the sister-in-law who was present at the birth of one of her children.

Too Many Mailing Lists?

Are you on too many genealogy mailing lists? I was beginning to think I was. Reading the constant barrage of messages was taking time from my research. In my case, I set up email filters so the mailing list messages go into separate folders insted of my main inbox. Then I can read the messages when I want to and not have them coming in every hour or so.

And there were a few lists I unsubscribed to. One only has so much time.

It might be worth your while to be selective about what lists you are on.

The Fragile Human Mind

Write down your own life story and ask those interview questions you have been putting off. The human mind is the most fragile repository we use. Don't waste it and don't miss an opportunity.

Record those stones now

A few months ago I stopped at a cemetery where several ancestors are buried. I had not been there in years. The stone whose information I had recorded had fallen over and was not nearly as legible as it had been ten years ago when I was there last.

One of my summer goals is to visit every nearby ancestral cemetery and get pictures and information off those stones. One day it may be too late.

They Don't Film Everything

Just remember, even if it appears that the Family History Library has a great deal of information on your county or locality of interest, there probably are more records actually in the area that were not filmed. LDS films quite a bit, but they don't always get every piece of paper in the courthouse.

And some courthouses don't let them film everything, either.

Checked out pilot.familysearch.org?

I don't check it daily, but every month or so, I visit the Family History Library's website http://pilot.familysearch.org. They are periodically adding new information and many times there is something "new" that can help me in my research. If it has been a while since you looked at the content on this site, give it a go.

All information on http://familysearch.org is free.

Do You REALLY KNOW it?

Is there something you think you know but for which you have no real proof other than you have always believed it?

While it doesn't have direct genealogical bearing, I have been reading "Pillars of the Republic" by Carl F. Kaestle. One thing I learned while reading the book is that there were many schools in the 1820s-1840s that enrolled children as young as 4. This trend changed in the mid-eighteenth century. I just always assumed that there was no schooling at all for children that young until the 20th century. I never read that anywhere, I just assumed it.

Is there some "fact" in your genealogy research that you never read, never heard, but just assumed? And is it causing that brick wall in your research?

Did Grandma Even Say it Right?

Years ago in an article, I referred to a "birder house." I was mentioning in passing the little shed where my Grandma Neill had kept her baby chickens. She always said it like "birder house." And it seemed like a logical name for a building that kept little birds. What she actually meant was "brooder house."

Referring to a brood of chickens, not a "bird."

Is there a name, a word, or a placename that you heard "wrong" from a relative? Is that the reason you cannot find it? Perhaps Grandma was pronouncing it in her own way. If no one else used that pronunciation, you may have difficulty in finding the correct location.

Grandma always said she was born in "Tiogee" but that's another story for another tip!

Relationships are Given to Head of Household

Remember that relationships in the census are given with respect to the head of household. They may or may not be the children of the spouse in the household. Don't draw conclusions that are not supported by the enumeration.

Of course in many households the husband and wife are the parents of all the "children" listed as the head of household's children. But sometimes they are not.

Sometimes an Error is an Error

A 1907 era court case involves the children of my ancestor as defendants. They are all listed correctly with the right first names in virtually every court document.

Except one.

On the deed where the judge is selling the estate, William Rampley is listed as Wilbur Rampley. William's middle name was not Wilbur and he never used that name as a nickname. What happened? Most likely a simple transcription error. When every other reference to him in the records is William and one out of thirty lists him as Wilbur, it's easy to realize that sometimes an error is just that, an error.

The problem is that when we have just one reference to an individual it can be difficult to know if a name is simply an error or something more.

Just a little something to think about.

Is it Complete?

Before using any online database, determine whether or not it is complete. Many times, vendors will release "part" of a database, hoping to generate publicity and new sales. The problem is that many times users do not read the details of the database enough to find out.

Before you spend hours searching that database, determine how complete it actually is.

Spell Check Doesn't Always Work and Computers don't think.

Don't rely on spell check when typing anything. Read it for yourself.

Remember your genealogy software doesn't correct your logic or fix your conclusions, that is up to you.

If you can't find the typo on this brochure...well I'll just say that it's the very top line and spell check obviously did not catch it.

Before You Do Data Entry

Some families are a little bit complicated. And if one is not careful it can be easy to enter the incorrect relationships in our genealogical database. What I do in these situations is to map out the relationships on paper first in an attempt to get a broader view of the family and in an attempt to understand the relationships correctly.

Once I think I have the relationships down, I begin my data entry. Wasting time "fixing" relationship mistakes is time I could spend doing actual research.

Can You Concentrate?

Having difficulty staying focused on your research? Perhaps working on your computer is part of the problem. Recently on a four-hour flight, I realized I got more work done in those four hours than I had in the previous four days.

There were no instant messages, no emails, no phone calls. Admittedly the plane was a little cramped, but not having constant distractions helped me to organize my research and decide where I could progress next.

Sometimes when we get an idea about a family history problem, it is tempting to go to a website right away, do some research and get sidetracked. The next thing you know, it is several hours later and you barely spent five minutes on what you really wanted to research.

"Paper or Plastic"

It is not really a "tip," but I thought it interesting nevertheless:

In a banquet speech that must have been at least ten years ago, I made the following comment (which is fiction, by the way):

"After Smithton County had their county marriage records digitized, the county board contemplated what to do with the originals. In an effort to conserve space, save money, and express concern for the environment, they decided to submit them to the local paper recycling center. Board President Wannabee Paula Tician commented 'this allows us to reduce county expenses and even lets dead people help with recycling.' The next time you get to 'choose' between 'paper' and 'plastic,' your great-grandparents' marriage license might literally be 'in the bag.'"

Does One Letter Make a Difference?

How would one letter change that name?
The omission of one letter changes "Orange" to "range." Quite a difference.

How would the omission of one letter from the surname for which you are searching change it? Would the soundex code be the same? Would the name even be pronounced the same? Would the error be easy to find in an index.

Think about one letter being dropped. You might be surprised at the variants you come up with.

Read the Page Before and After

This is always an excellent idea when an ancestor has been located in a census record as relatives could always appear on the page before or after your ancestor. At the very least you may see names you recognize from other documents on your relative, perhaps as witnesses or bondsmen.

If you locate a deed, view the ones recorded before and after as well. Sometimes deeds were recorded in groups and several might have been filed successively.

This may be helpful in court and other records as well.

Usually not helpful with birth records unless there were twins!

And deaths are another story.

Are Your Maps Contemporary?

Genealogists need maps to oragnize information geographically, know where to look for records, and have an idea of how their ancestor's residences fit into the larger area as a whole.

One key is that the maps be contemporary to when your ancestor lived in the area. Modern maps can be helpful in finding current locations of cemeteries, but many other times our research requires contemporary maps.

If you are stuck on a forebear, get a contemporary map of his or her area. Perhaps that map is just the one you need to get your around or over that brick wall.

It Is Relative

Never use the word "Grandma."

My daughter set up "accounts" for the family to use on her laptop. One evening I needed to use it and it asked me for a password. My "generic" password did not work and upon the submission of an incorrect entry it gave me a hint:

"Grandma's maiden name."

I immediately entered in each of my grandmother's maiden names. Once in lower case and once in upper case. I was just about to get irritated when I realized that my daughter had meant HER grandmother, not mine.

Two seconds later, the password let me in.

Avoid using words such as "grandma," "uncle," or "aunt" without more information. Even Grandma Neill can be confusing. After all, whose Grandma Neill is it? Records are confusing enough sometimes without us making things more confusing in our comments, notes and transcriptions.

Drop the Last Name When Searching?

Have you considered dropping the last name when searching for an ancestor in a census or other record? This is especially a good idea for a relative who went by three names and whose middle name closely resembles a surname.

John Michael Trautvetter could have been enumerated as John Michael.

My ancestor Henry Jacobs Fecht is listed as Henry Jacobs in the 1870 census. Took me a while to find him listed like that.

Just something to consider if the usual search attempts do not pan out.

What is a Homestead?

The word homestead can mean several things.

It could mean a "homestead" claim that was filed under the Homestead Act of 1862 (and which was amended). These claims usually were 160 acres and the in Great Plains and points west, but the amounts can vary depending upon the location and time period. Claimants would be deeded the entire homestead if they lived on the farm for a given number of years and improved it.

A "homestead" also could be referring to that portion of a family's farm containing their actual home and surrounding buildings that often was allowed to the widow if her husband died. This homestead was usually protected from creditors in the event of her husband's death. Sometimes the residence and her actual "dower" would be lumped together as her right of "homestead and dower." The technical definition can vary from state to state--refer to applicable state statutes for a precise definition.

What is a Witness?

A witness to a document is stating that the individual who signed the document looked like they were of sound mind and it appeared that they were acting of their own volition and not under any influence of another person or substance.

Witnesses to a document may have known your ancestor.

Witnesses to a document may have been related to your ancestor.

Witnesses may have been just another warm body in the Justice of the Peace's office at the same time as your ancestor.

Witnesses do not have to be related to your ancestor and they don't have to be "friends" with your ancestor. They could be, but they do not have to be. Keep that in mind.

What is an Infant?

An 1830 document indicates your ancestor is an infant and has a guardian appointed for him. The next year the ancestor marries. What gives?

What gives is that an "infant" in the legal sense is someone who is under the age of majority. While that can vary from state to state and has changed over time, it typically is 18 for females and 21 for males.

So your ancestor could be 15 years old and be an infant.

Just something to keep in mind.

Keep Your Perspective

Locating a divorce record gave me a new spelling for my grandmother's maiden name of Trautvetter. The new (to me) variant is "troutfitter." I performed a google search for the name, finding many references. Most of the sites had to do with fishing and I was initially confused. It took me a few minutes before I realized most of the "troutfitter" references were a play on the words "trout" and "outfitter." Then it made sense, but I also realized that for the majority of the pages I located "troutfitter" was not based upon someone's name. Oh well.

Remember that there is a word outside of genealogy. I will still look for Troutfitter (and Trautfitter) references, but won't assume they all have to do with with the last name.

And my google searches will be constructed to not include webpages that have references to "trout" or "fish."

Re-interview Relatives

You interviewed great-Aunt Myrtle five years ago when you first began your research. When was the last time you asked her questions? Maybe even discussing with her some of what you have found will cause her to "remember" things she never would have thought of if her memory had not been jogged.

Post to the Message Boards

Is there a brick wall you have been stuck on for a long time? Is there a message board you have not posted to about that problem? Think of the counties where the person lived and post your query to one of those boards.

There are message boards at Ancestry-- http://boards.ancestry.com
There are more at Genforum-- http://genforum.genealogy.com

A researcher in a workshop was stuck on a family and one of my suggestions was that she post her question about the confusing deed extract to that county's message board. My hope was that a "local" could help her. She got two responses. One was from a researcher of the same name and another offered to help with the extract. All within 24 hours.

No guarantees, but might be worth a try.

Check out Your Local Library

Does your local library have access to any database or sites that could be helpful in your genealogical research? Many libraries subscribe to a variety of databases including magazine and journal articles, historical archives, etc. Of course you should find out what genealogical databases your library has access to, but there may be variety of other databases in the reference section that could provide useful to your research.

Nearby university libraries may be a gold mine as well. Even if they don't have a genealogy collection.

Do You Know the Soundex Codes for Your Surnames?

Many database searches allow users to perform soundex searches. This allows users to look for names that "sound like" the name that was entered in the search box. This is great as long as you are aware of this and do not overlook reasonable variants of the last name in the process.

For this reason it is good to know the soundex codes for your last names and their variants. Not because you need them to search, but so you know what names you need to perform soundex searches for in order to not miss any results.

The last name Demoss occasionally gets written as Demop (because the "ss" is made like a "p" sometimes. A soundex search for Demoss will not bring up Demop because the two are not Soundex equivalent.

Demoss has a soundex code of D520
Demop has a soundex code of D510

Of course, Demos is a variant too, but since a double letter is omitted, there is no difference. Searching for "Demoss" with soundex turned on will not bring up any Demop refererences.

Rootsweb has a feature that will find the soundex code for your last names.

Cut off the Name

Have you tried searching for that ancestral last name by cutting off part of it? Perhaps "De Moss" was entered as "Moss." Perhaps Van der Walle was entered as just "Wall." Goldenstein might have been entered as "Golden."

The list goes on. Consider what might have happened if someone dropped the first syllable or two of your ancestor's last name.

Then try the same for the last syllable or two.

You might be surprised at what you find.

Tried the State Archives?

In some states, older county records have been placed at the state archives. The state archives may even have created indexes to some of these older records. For any state where you have relatives, locate the website for the state archives (a google search for "yourstate state archives," where yourstate is the state name will probably do the trick).

You may be surprised what you find there. I located the divorce for my globetrotting relative Philip Troutfetter at the Colorado State Archives and am waiting for a copy. Never hurts to try.

Clean it Out?

They put new carpet in my office at work. The drawback was that I had to take everything out. The upside was I "found" folders and papers I had forgotten about or mislaid. Do you have stacks of copies in your genealogy workspace that have been neglected? So you even know what is in those stacks?

Go through and clean up your genealogy work area. At the very least you may be more efficient. At the very most you may find something you completely forgot you ever had.

Help Someone Else?

Have you considered helping someone else with their genealogy? I'm not suggesting spending months of intense research. But have you considered:

• Offering to take pictures of stones in a nearby cemetery? This offer could be posted to a Rootsweb mailing list. Best to start with a small cemetery.
• Performing lookups in a book you have at home?
• Answering a query on a mailing list that does not relate to one of your families?

Sometimes it feels good to just help someone else with their research. Sometimes it generates good "genealogy karma." And sometimes when you help someone else, you learn something that later helps you with your own research.